Although physical MAC (Media Access Control) addresses are permanent by design,
several mechanisms allow modification, or "spoofing", of the MAC address that is
reported by the operating system. This can be useful for privacy reasons, for instance
when connecting to a Wi-Fi hotspot, or to ensure interoperability. Some internet
service providers bind their service to a specific MAC address; if the user then
changes their network card or intends to install a router, the service won't work
anymore. Changing the MAC address of the new interface will solve the problem.
Similarly, some software licenses are bound to a specific MAC address. Changing
the MAC address in this way is not permanent: after a reboot, it will revert to the
MAC address physically stored in the card. A MAC address is 48 bits in length.
As a MAC address can be changed, it can be unwise to rely on this as a single method
As a MAC address can be changed, it can be unwise to rely on this as a single method
of authentication. IEEE 802.1x is an emerging standard better suited to authenticating
devices at a low level.
Mac OS X
Under Mac OS X, the MAC address can be altered in a fashion similar to the
Linux and FreeBSD methods:
sudo ifconfig en0 lladdr 00:01:02:03:04:05
or
sudo ifconfig en0 ether 00:01:02:03:04:05
This must be done as the superuser and only works for the computer's ethernet card.
sudo ifconfig en0 lladdr 00:01:02:03:04:05
or
sudo ifconfig en0 ether 00:01:02:03:04:05
This must be done as the superuser and only works for the computer's ethernet card.
Instructions on spoofing AirPort Extreme (2.0) cards are available here. There are not,
as of yet, any known ways to spoof original AirPort (1.0) cards.
The AirPort Extreme MAC address can also be changed easily with SpoofMac.
Windows
Under Windows XP, the MAC address can be changed in the Ethernet adapter's
The AirPort Extreme MAC address can also be changed easily with SpoofMac.
Windows
Under Windows XP, the MAC address can be changed in the Ethernet adapter's
Properties menu, in the Advanced tab, as "MAC Address", "Locally Administered
Address", "Ethernet Address" or "Network Address". The exact name depends on the Ethernet driver used; not all drivers support changing the MAC address in this way.
However, a better solution - requiring Administrative User Rights - is to pass over
Router
The method to change the MAC address of a router varies with the router.
However, a better solution - requiring Administrative User Rights - is to pass over
the System Registry Keys under
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E972-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}.
Here settings for each network interface can be found. The contents of the
string value called 'NetworkAddress' will be used to set the MAC address
of the adapter when next it is enabled. Resetting the adapter can be accomplished
in script with the freely available command line utility devcon from Microsoft,
or from the adapters context menu in the Network Connections control panel applet.
There is a nice tool to change the MAC address for all cards (even those that can't
There is a nice tool to change the MAC address for all cards (even those that can't
be changed through the adapter's Properties menu): SMAC MAC Address Changer
Note: to check your MAC address easily on a Windows XP box, go to Run, type CMD,
Note: to check your MAC address easily on a Windows XP box, go to Run, type CMD,
then type "ipconfig /all" without quotation in the command prompt. The number under
physical address is the MAC address. If multiple IP are displayed, you should look
under the label "Ethernet adapter x", where x is the name of your connection
(which is Local Area Connection by default).
Router
The method to change the MAC address of a router varies with the router.
Not all routers have the ability to change their MAC address. The feature is
often referred to as "clone MAC address". This take the MAC address of one
of the machine on your network and replaces the router's existing MAC address
with it. Some support the option to manually enter the MAC address.
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